Final report on crp entitled, neutron based techniques for. Identification, tracking and interception of the illicit trafficking of conventional weapons such as firearms and explosives and unconventional materials chemical, biological, radiological. Alow explosive material,suchasgunpowder,smokelesspowderorfireworks,burnsmuch slower. The detection of common explosives including trinitrotoluene tnt, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, 2,4,6trinitrophenylnmethylnitramine, and trinitroglycerin may be carried out using a three. This twoday workshop, held in gaithersburg, md, on february 28 and march 1, 2002, brought together bes research participants and experts familiar with counter terrorism technologies, strategies, and policies. Thesis organization homeland security digital library. Pdf selective detection of trace nitroaromatic, nitramine. The major groups of explosives are nitroaromatic explosives, nitrate ester and nitramine explosives, and inorganic nitrate based explosives. Colorimetric detection of explosives involves applying a chemical reagent to an unknown material or sample and observing a color reaction. Evolving terrorist tactics, techniques, and procedures ttp.
Explosive detection producing explosive controversy. Several such explosives, as well as some plasticizers and taggants found in plastique explosives, are listed in table 4. Managing the emergency consequences of terrorist incidents. Optix project will provide the end users security forces mainly. Detection of trace quantities of explosive residues plays a key role in military, civilian, and counterterrorism applications. Cole and 2002 bali nightclub bombings recommended in alqaedas traditional curriculum of explosives training frequently used in ieds in iraq can only be purchased domestically by legitimate buyers through explosives distributors. Lattin2 michael helinski2 martin hutchings3 coordination by. Yinon j ed counterterrorist detection techniques of explosives. Existing and potential standoff explosives detection.
Laserbased detection techniques hold promise for new capabilities, especially in standoff and multithreat detection. Even though both methods might fulfill special aspects of a general security chain the underlying scientific questions differ strongly. Advances in analysis and detection of explosives, yinon, j. Terahertz spectroscopy techniques for explosives detection. Trace detection of explosives has been an ongoing challenge for decades and has become one of several critical problems in defense science. Evaluate nqr technology for detection of large vehicle bombs. Current trends in explosive detection techniques j.
Interim planning guide july 2002 page 3 foreword the guidance included in managing the emergency consequences of terrorist incidents. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing a wide variety of approaches to detect trace explosive residues. Xray absorption singleenergy larger absorption gives darker image. Ieds can be produced in varying sizes and can have different types of containers, function, and delivery methods.
In a number of cases, canine detection or physical search manual. The table on trace detection systems also includes sensitivity information as provided. Despite increasing international recognition of the threat posed by terrorists use of the. The evolving challenges for explosive detection in the aviation. Colorimetric detection of explosives involves applying a chemical reagent to an unknown material or sample and observing a. There has been a huge increase in research within this area through both the development of new, innovative detection approaches and the improvement of existing techniques. Mcguire editor and publisher counter terrorism and security intelligence few issues are more emotional, technical, political or philosophical than terrorist acts against innocent civilians. Assassination is a tactic used by nearly all terrorist groups, although far less frequently than other types of armed attacks. This chapter focuses on explosives based threats, the challenges they. There is also limited published research regarding suitable methodologies for the extraction, detection, and quanti. While terrorism is not new to the international community, recent terrorist attacks have raised the issue of detection of explosives and have generated a great demand for rapid, sensitive and reliable methods for detecting hidden explosives. Nato will continue to fight this threat in all its forms and manifestations. While this course emphasizes onsite methods, a subset of samples are often sent to offsite laboratories for analysis and we wanted to provide an overview of the methods that are used along with some of the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Onsite detection of explosive devices and residues screening test for explosive trace residues in a postblast forensic investigation is one of the important strategies for the onsite detection of explosives 40, 41. Terrorist use of explosives, chemical, biological and radiological weapons has become the main source of threat to homeland security for many countries 14. Demonstrate nqr computed tomographic ct explosive detection system with enhanced false alarm reduction capability. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing a wide variety of approaches to detect trace explosive. Antiterrorism united nations office on drugs and crime. Tasks included identification and coordination with law enforcement agencies to participate in prototype testing, demonstration and evaluation of counter. Guide for the selection of explosives detection and blast. Explosives detection sensors, electronic systems and data. L a s t u p d a t e d o n f e b r u a r y 1 9, 2020 page 4 1. Ieds can use commercial or military explosives, homemade explosives, or military ordnance.
The applications of spectroscopybased methods for trace explosives detection has progressed significantly in the past several years. Instrumentation developed includes the familiar xray equipment visible at airports, more advanced xray techniques, explosive vapor detectors, and newer nuclear methods for detecting explosives, such as the. Research and evaluate technologies for detection of explosives in cargo. These are extremely easy to get hold of, but without the appropriate teaching or experience, this. Apr 02, 2016 pdf online bombs, ieds, and explosives. Assassination, when used as a terrorist tactic, is the targeted killing of a countrys public officials or individuals who represent the political, economic, military, security, social, religious, media, or cultural establishments. Research on explosives detection has demonstrated 1 detection of concealed explosives and throughpackage detection, 2 spectroscopy of pure materials, and 3 spectroscopy of militarygrade explosives. Radiation detection equipment and devices like geiger counters and pocket. This report describe the characteristics of explosives, bombs, and their components that are or might be used to provide a signature for exploitation in detection technology. Current trends in explosive detection techniques sciencedirect. Detection 1991 the 1991 plastic explosives convention. Recent developments in spectroscopic techniques for the detection of explosives wei zhang, yue tang, anran shi, lirong bao, yun shen, ruiqi shen and yinghua ye. Trace detection relies on vapors emitted from the explosive or on explosive.
The benefits of internet technology are numerous, s. Jan 15, 2012 the detection of explosives and explosive related compounds has become a heightened priority in recent years for homeland security and counterterrorism applications. Bradley 2,3 1centre for vision speech and signal processing 2department of physics faculty of engineering and physical sciences, university of surrey guildford, surrey gu2 7xh united kingdom. Purchase counterterrorist detection techniques of explosives 1st edition. Detection of trace peroxide explosives in environmental. But the attack on daallo airlines flight 159 set off alarm bells within the u. Other core elements of the anti terrorism conventions and protocols. Homemade explosives hme are being more commonly used, and. Vapour and trace detection of explosives for antiterrorism.
Spectroscopybased techniques play an irreplaceable role for the detection of energetic substances. Improvised explosive device, ied, suicide vest, suicide bomber. Most airlines use a manual approach, especially where tr. Dogs are capable of several hundred bags per hour, but both of these methods are relatively slow. Among the many weapons currently used by terrorist organizations against public welfare and coalition. Evaluation of the antiterrorism assistance explosive. The foreign assistance manual fam outlines the departments responsibilities for foreign. While several detection methods are available, it is expected that future research could be very useful. Soterias optical processing technology has the following capabilities. Higson direct detection of explosives on solid surfaces by mass spectrometry with an ambient ion source based on dielectric barrier discharge na na, chao zhang, mengxia zhao, sichun zhang, chengdui yang, xiang fang, xinrong zhang.
Bulk explosives can be detected indirectly by imaging characteristic shapes of the explosive charge, detonators, and wires or directly by detecting the chemical composition or dielectric properties of the explosive material. The editors present an original and methodical approach to finding mines and explosives with subsurface radar, photoacoustic spectroscopy, biologic methods, magnetic resonance, chemical detectors, optical sensors, terahertz imaging, and materials penetrating radar. Counterterrorism policies and the political process. While few chemicals find use as military explosives, these can be combined with platiscizers and other materials to create a plethora of formulations.
The sensing methodology of optical and nonoptical methods has. Counterterrorist detection techniques of explosives covers recent advances in this area of research including vapor and trace detection techniques chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemical methods and micromechanical sensors, such as microcantilevers and bulk detection techniques neutron techniques, nuclear quadrupole resonance, xray diffraction imaging, millimeterwave imaging, terahertz imaging and laser techniques. The detection of common explosives including trinitrotoluene tnt, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, 2,4,6trinitrophenylnmethylnitramine, and trinitroglycerin may be carried out using a threestep process combining turnoff and turn on fluorimetric sensing. A planning guide for state and local governments was originally produced in april 2001 as. Security and resiliency guide counterimprovised explosive. Guide for the selection of commercial explosives detection. The goals stated below are highlevel perspectives for targets, required information, and conops. Explosives detection delivers an encyclopedic treatment of remote sensing for dangerous devices and substances.
Tsa also uses explosives trace detection technology to screen passengers and their belongings for trace amounts of explosive residue. Pdf counterterrorist detection techniques of explosives. Although the department previously relied on the bureau of alcohol, tobacco, and firearms to provide both dogs. Laserbased detection techniques are being investigated because they have potential for multi. Explosives detection work has been proceeding in the area of weapons and explosives detection for aviation security for well over a decade. The fast detection of explosives from the vapor phase would be one way to enhance the. The detection of hidden explosives has become an issue of utmost importance in recent years. Guide for the selection of explosives detection and blast mitigation equipment for emergency first responders guide 10507 dr.
A planning guide for state and local governments was originally produced in april 2001 as attachment g to chapter 6 of the guide for allhazard emergency operations planning, state and local guide slg 101. The optix prototype is focussed for the detection of explosives on visible surfaces or. To advance explosives sensor technology, current methods will need to become cheaper and portable while. The counterterrorism committee and its executive directorate. In addition, terrorist activities are sometimes partly funded by. Counterterrorist detection techniques of explosives 1st edition. The use of the internet for terrorist purposes united nations office. Explosives detection and analysis by fusing deep ultraviolet. Utilize ied screening and detection methods in highrisk environments. The midair bombing of a somali passenger jet in february was a. Gao analyzed test reports on various explosives detection technologies and convened a. Evolving terrorist tactics, techniques, and procedures ttp migration across south.
It is a persistent global threat that knows no border, nationality or religion and is a challenge that the international community must tackle together. Spectroscopybased techniques play an irreplaceable role for the detection of energetic substances due to the advantages of rapid, automatic, and noncontact. Example of typical metropolitan heavy rail station. Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations poses a direct threat to the security of the citizens of nato countries, and to international stability and prosperity. The detection of explosives and explosive related compounds has become a heightened priority in recent years for homeland security and counterterrorism applications. Footnote 2 terrorist attacks on passenger rail systems around the. Mar 27, 2020 l a s t u p d a t e d o n f e b r u a r y 1 9, 2020 page 4 1. Evolving terrorist tactics, techniques, and procedures. Congress, office of technology assessment, technology against terrorism, the. The law enforcement and corrections technology advisory council. Directorate, fbi terrorist explosive device analytical center tedac, dhs. Analysis and detection of explosives international. Explosives detection and analysis by fusing deep ultraviolet native fluorescence and resonance raman.
Current trends in explosive detection techniques abstract. Existing and potential standoff explosives detection techniques. Pdf current trends in explosive detection techniques. Chemical weapons and explosives present immediate threats to public health and safety. Terrorist groups have also attempted to share techniques with a broade. Sampling considerations for explosives in soil and water verified methods for onsite determination of. However, the wide range of threat scenarios creates a need for additional methods. Offcers may swab a piece of carryon or checked baggage or a passengers hands and then place the swab inside the detection unit to analyze it for the presence of potential explosive residue. Each one of these techniques, however, has some specific limitations.
The bureau of diplomatic securitys office of antiterrorism assistance dsata is the primary implementer of foreign assistance training and partners with the bureau of counterterrorism to manage the program. Counterterrorist detection techniques of explosives covers recent advances in this area of research including vapor and trace detection techniques chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemical methods and micromechanical sensors, such as microcantilevers and bulk detection techniques neutron techniques. The detection of explosives and explosive related compounds has become a heightened priority in recent years for homeland security and counter terrorism. Raytheon uks soteria vehiclemounted standoff system provides highdefinition ied detection, confirmation and threat diagnostics from a significant distance.
The main focus is the different methods of coordination which evolved in the two countries in order to synchronize the operations of. In addition, terrorist activities are sometimes partly funded by illegal drug trafficking. Evolving terrorist tactics, techniques, and procedures ttp migration across south asia, caucasus, and the middle east introduction in the last thirty years, south asia, caucasus and the middle east regions have seen an increase in the number of theaters of terrorism and insurgency. The field manual also states that it is important to.
Integrate multiple explosives and weapons detection technologies into one portal. A terrorist cells skill in constructing improvised explosive devices ied or. Detection of explosives is based on a wide variety of technologies that focus on either bulk explosives or traces of explosives. The use of raman and libs techniques can be alternative or simultaneous. Colorimetric detection of explosives involves applying a chemical reagent to an unknown material or sample and observing a color. There has been a huge increase in research within this areathrough both the development of new, innovative detection approaches and the improvement of existing techniques. Identification, investigation, and disposal techniques. Identification, tracking and interception of the illicit trafficking of conventional weapons such as firearms and explosives and unconventional materials chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear necessary for terrorist activities. Openpath ftir detection of explosives on metallic surfaces. The technique needs to detect a variety of explosive materials including military grade explosives as well as materials used for improvised explosive devices ieds.
Common color reactions are known and indicate to the user if there is an explosive material present and in many cases the group of explosive from which the material is derived. Under the sw846 program, there are two methods that specify explosives as target analytes. Explosives detection sensors, electronic systems and. Trace detection methods rely on detection of vapors emitted from the explosives or on explosive particles that are deposited on ne arby surfaces national academy of sciences committee, 2004. Background a number of methods are currently used to detect or identify explosives, including imaging e. Final report on crp entitled, neutron based techniques. Laboratories for detection of landmines and illicit materials, nuclear research centre, atomic energy authority cairo, egypt email. Recent developments in spectroscopic techniques for the.
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